Asthma Attacks: Causes, Triggers, Symptoms, and Prevention

What Happens During an Asthma Attack?

During an asthma attack, several airway changes occur:

• The muscles surrounding the airways tighten (bronchoconstriction).
• The airway lining becomes inflamed and swollen.
• Mucus is produced inside the airways.

These combined changes limit airflow and lead to breathing difficulty.

Symptoms of an Asthma Attack

Common Symptoms

• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing
• Coughing
• Chest tightness or chest pain

Signs of a Severe Asthma Attack

• Difficulty speaking because of shortness of breath
• Symptoms that do not improve after using prescribed quick-relief medication

Severe symptoms are considered a medical emergency.

Common Causes and Triggers

Asthma attacks occur when sensitive airways are exposed to triggers. Many people have more than one trigger.

Allergens

• Pollen
• Dust mites
• Mold
• Pet dander
• Cockroaches

Respiratory Infections

• Viral infections such as colds and influenza
• These are among the most common triggers in children.

Smoke, Pollution, and Irritants

• Tobacco smoke (including secondhand exposure)
• Air pollution
• Chemical fumes, fragrances, and cleaning products

Exercise and Weather

• Physical activity
• Cold or dry air
• Sudden changes in temperature

Stress and Emotions

• Stress or anxiety
• Strong emotions, including laughing or crying

Medications and Health Conditions

• Certain medications, including aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Some underlying conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Risk Factors for Severe or Frequent Asthma Attacks

Factors associated with increased risk include:

• Poorly controlled asthma
• Not taking prescribed daily asthma medications
• Incorrect inhaler use
• Frequent exposure to known triggers
• Poorly controlled allergies

Preventing Asthma Attacks

Asthma attacks cannot always be prevented, but evidence-supported strategies include:

• Following a written asthma action plan
• Taking long-term control medications exactly as prescribed
• Identifying and avoiding known triggers
• Reducing exposure to smoke, allergens, and air pollution
• Attending regular follow-up visits with a healthcare provider

Asthma Action Plans: How They Work

An asthma action plan is a written guide that outlines daily asthma care and what to do when symptoms worsen. Most plans use color-coded zones:

• Green Zone: Asthma is well controlled
• Yellow Zone: Symptoms are worsening and action is needed
• Red Zone: Severe symptoms require urgent or emergency care

Some action plans also include peak flow measurements to help monitor lung function.

What to Do During an Asthma Attack

Evidence-based guidance includes:

• Follow the steps outlined in the asthma action plan
• Use prescribed quick-relief medication as directed
• Remain calm
• Seek medical care immediately if symptoms worsen or do not improve after quick-relief medication